U.S. debt exceeds $40 trillion, raising pressure on bond markets
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U.S. debt exceeds $40 trillion, with rising deficits and interest burdens putting pressure on long-term U.S. bond yields.
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美国联邦债务规模已突破 40 万亿美元,市场关注点并不只在总量本身,更在于华盛顿未来要以多高的成本继续融资。随着财政赤字扩大、长期利率维持高位,美国债务负担正进一步传导至债券市场。

7月赤字继续扩大

美国财政部数据显示,7 月预算赤字为 4320 亿美元,是 2021 年 3 月以来最大的单月缺口。这也使本财年前 10 个月累计赤字升至 1.799 万亿美元,已经超过 2025 财年全年 1.775 万亿美元的水平。

这意味着联邦政府支出仍明显高于收入,新增融资需求继续上升。对市场而言,债务规模跨过整数关口只是表象,更直接的压力来自持续发债对利率的推升作用。

利息支出加快上升

债务问题的另一层压力来自再融资成本。此前以较低利率发行的美国国债陆续到期后,需要在更高收益率环境下重新发行,这会直接抬高财政利息支出。

美国国会预算办公室预计,2026 财年美国净利息支出将超过 1 万亿美元,约占国内生产总值的 3.3%。如果现行政策大体延续,到 2036 年这一数字可能升至 2.1 万亿美元。

更高的利息支出会进一步扩大赤字,而更大的赤字又需要更多借款,财政与融资成本之间因此形成相互推升的循环。

长期美债收益率处于高位

债券投资者已要求更高回报来持有长期美国国债。30 年期美债收益率近日一度升至 5.34%,创 2007 年以来最高水平,反映出市场对通胀、政府借款规模和财政前景的担忧。

为缓解长端利率压力,美国财政部本周将部分 10 年至 30 年期国债回购规模由每次 20 亿美元提高至至少 40 亿美元。消息公布后,长期收益率有所回落,但相较于庞大的美国国债市场,这一回购规模仍然有限。

与此同时,美国政府还在与企业争夺资金。部分公司正通过发债为 AI 基础设施建设融资,这也增加了债券供给,可能继续对长期借款成本形成压力。

按美国国会预算办公室预测,公众持有的美国国债规模将在 2026 年相当于 GDP 的约 101%,到 2036 年升至 120%。市场当前更关心的是,在债务继续扩张的情况下,美国未来融资成本是否还会进一步上升。

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