CoinMeta data: As maritime shipping costs soar, Indian refiners are increasingly turning to the Persian Gulf to purchase crude oil and reducing their dependence on Russia, a major supplier. Traders involved in the negotiations said that the selling price of some Iraqi crude oil before shipment was more than $25 per barrel below the Dubai benchmark price. Calculated at the price after arrival in India, this equates to a discount of several dollars per barrel compared to the spot Brent crude oil price. In contrast, Russian crude oil was quoted at a premium of about $2 per barrel above the benchmark price, making it economically unviable for India to purchase Russian crude. The chief financial officer of India's state-owned refiner, Bharat Petroleum Corporation, stated that the supply of crude oil from Russia had significantly decreased in November due to declining "commercial viability." In addition to Iraq, Saudi Aramco recently sold a batch of crude oil for immediate shipment at a discount of up to $10 per barrel below the Dubai benchmark price. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company also sold about 20 million barrels of crude oil scheduled for shipment in December at a slight discount at the beginning of this month.