Ethereum: How to Scale Ethereum: Execute Off-Chain
Cryptonews
50m ago
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The article introduces the scaling principles of Ethereum Rollup, the differences between the two solutions of Optimistic and ZK, as well as the cost changes brought about by the Dencun upgrade.
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以太坊主网每秒大约只能处理 15 笔交易,这也是其长期面临的扩容瓶颈。Rollup 的作用,不是直接让以太坊主链变快,而是把大量交易执行转移到链下,再把压缩后的结果提交回以太坊,由主网负责验证和最终结算。

主网不变,分工改变

文章指出,以太坊部署 Rollup 后,出块时间和主网吞吐量本身并没有改变。变化在于,交易执行不再全部发生在主链上,而是先在独立的二层网络中完成,再把状态结果和相关数据写回以太坊。

这种结构让以太坊从“交易处理层”更像“验证与结算层”。主网不再承担所有计算工作,而是负责检查结果是否成立,并保存关键数据。

不能只靠放大主网

直观做法是增大区块或缩短出块时间,但这会提高节点运行门槛。硬件要求上升后,小型节点更难参与验证,网络验证权会向少数参与者集中,去中心化程度随之下降。

文章将这一问题归结为区块链常见的“三难困境”:安全性、去中心化和吞吐量很难同时最大化。Rollup 的思路,是把执行和验证拆开处理。二层负责高频执行,以太坊负责验证和数据可用性,从而避免主链单独承担全部压力。

两类 Rollup 的差别

Optimistic Rollup 默认交易结果有效,除非有人在挑战期内提出欺诈证明。其流程通常由排序器收集交易、打包执行,再把批次数据和状态根提交到以太坊;若挑战成立,错误状态会被撤销,排序器抵押品会被罚没。

ZK Rollup 则是在批次执行后先生成有效性证明,再提交给以太坊验证。这样可以更快完成最终确认,用户提现回主网的等待时间更短,但证明生成更耗算力,开发和运行成本也更高。

  • Optimistic Rollup 常见挑战期约为 7 天
  • Arbitrum、Optimism 属于主流 Optimistic 路线
  • zkSync Era、Scroll、Polygon zkEVM 推进兼容 EVM
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